Alternative Animal Toxicity Testing of Chemical Warfare Agents

Knowledge Source Identification
Knowledge source name	Alternative Animal Toxicity Testing of Chemical Warfare Agents
Owner/Developer	Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents
Country	United States of America
Languages	English
URL	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128001592000452
Description	Alternatives to animal testing, particularly in chemical warfare testing, have been well-recognized. The concept of 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) has been practiced and its goals have been achieved, as applicable. One key consideration in the application of such methodologies is validation and reproducible quality of data. In counterterrorism measures, “Animal Rule” has been developed and implemented to meet the urgent need of a terrorist attack. In this chapter, a list of chemical warfare agents, validated alternative methods, the role of 3Rs in countering warfare agents, and advancements in instrumentation and concepts such as “human-on-a-chip” are briefly described.
Knowledge Source Category
Category	Publication
Sub categories	Book / Textbook
Knowledge Dissemination and Sharing
Dissemination channel	Website
Targeted audience (specified/objective analysis)	Not specified
Users access	Fee-based access
Knowledge Characterization
3Rs relevance	Replacement, Reduction, Refinement
Purpose	Documentation and information
Technology/Tools	Alternative test methods (in vitro), Animal testing (in vivo)